Fiber optic cables transmit data using light signals, while copper cables transmit data using electrical signals. As a result, fiber optic cables provide faster data transfer speeds, greater capacity, longer transmission distances, and are less susceptible to noise compared to traditional copper cables. Additionally, since fiber optic cables are made primarily of quartz glass, they are lightweight and can be manufactured with a thinner profile.

Fiber optic cables are typically capable of spanning distances ranging from a few kilometers to several tens of kilometers. As the distance increases, transmission losses and signal attenuation also grow. By employing devices such as optical amplifiers, including erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), even longer distances can be achieved. For instance, trans-Pacific communication between Japan and the U.S. relies on submarine cables equipped with EDFAs, enabling ultra-long-distance transmission over approximately 9,000 kilometers

Fiber optic cables are enclosed in a plastic jacket, which protects the internal optical fibers from physical damage. Additionally, tension members, also referred to as strength members, help prevent deformation of the cable due to tension during or after installation, as well as temperature fluctuations, thereby preserving the cable’s performance characteristics. These protective components are designed to meet the mechanical and environmental specifications defined by the fiber optic cable standards. Moreover, for outdoor installations, an outer coating may be applied as a protective measure against damage caused by birds, insects, or animals.

There are mainly four methods, including: 1) conduit and duct installation, 2) Air-blown microduct installation, 3) direct burial wiring and trough installation, and 4) aerial installation.

1) Conduit and duct installation involves pulling cables in pre-installed underground conduits or ducts. This is the most commonly used method for underground cable installation. It is simple, safe, and allows for future network expansion and redesign.
2) Air-blown microduct installation is a cable installation method where a fiber optic cable is pushed into pre-installed ducts (microducts) with compressed air. This method enables the quick installation of long-distance cables within a short period.
3) Direct burial installation involves laying cables with protective sheaths in a pre-dug trench and then backfilling it. The cable must be installed at the burial depth specified in the design. If the required depth cannot be achieved, the cables are housed in protective structures such as troughs. Troughs are also used when laying cables along railroad tracks or highways.
4) Aerial installation requires utility poles or towers to suspend the cables. This method allows for relatively quick and easy installation by utilizing existing utility poles, eliminating the need to dig along roads to connect fiber optic cables to homes.

Fiber optic cables generally require maintenance. Regular inspection and cleaning, along with checking the connections, are recommended to optimize performance and ensure stable signal transmission. The required frequency of maintenance varies depending on the environment and type of cable, but it is typically every few years. For indoor installations, it is essential to examine the cable connections and connector ends for dirt or damage. In contrast, for outdoor installations, inspecting the cable’s outer sheath for wear or damage is crucial, and repairs or replacements should be made as needed.

The number of cores in fiber optic cables varies depending on the application and region. In international markets, for outdoor SWR™/WTC™ cables, core counts typically range from 48 to 6912 cores. The selection of core count is determined by communication demands and network scale, with larger-scale communication infrastructures and data centers often requiring higher core counts. Additionally, custom-designed cables tailored to specific projects or requirements are also available, making it crucial to choose the appropriate core count based on individual needs.